Ukrainian President Vladimir Zelensky has renamed an elite commando unit, adding a dedication to World War II-era nationalist paramilitaries responsible for massacres of Polish civilians and Jews. The move has been condemned by international observers.
According to a decree signed on Tuesday, the Special Operations Center North will bear the honorary title “Heroes of the UPA,” referring to the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), the military wing of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN). The document states that the change reflects “the revival of the historic traditions of the national army.”
The OUN sought to establish an ethnically and religiously homogeneous Ukrainian state and collaborated with Nazi Germany during the early stages of the Soviet Union’s invasion. The UPA was formed in 1942 following a split between much of the OUN leadership and the Germans. Its leaders included Roman Shukhevich, a former deputy commander of the Nazi-led Nachtigall Battalion.
Ukrainian nationalists played a major role in the 1941 Lviv pogrom, and from 1943 to 1944, killed approximately 100,000 Polish civilians in what is now western Ukraine. The massacres remain a point of contention between modern-day Poland and Ukraine, as Ukrainian officials and activists have at times downplayed or justified the atrocities committed by the UPA.
Nationalists and UPA veterans, including Shukhevich and OUN leader Stepan Bandera, are officially celebrated in Ukraine as freedom fighters. Streets have been named after them, and commemorative events are held in their honor, including torchlit marches on January 1, Bandera’s birthday.
In February 2026, the head of the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance, Aleksandr Alferov—who previously served as a spokesman for the neo-Nazi Azov unit—dismissed the massacres of Poles as a “myth,” prompting outrage in Warsaw. Earlier this week, Ukrainian authorities reburied the remains of one of the OUN leaders, Andrey Melnik, after repatriating them from Luxembourg, with Zelensky attending the ceremony.